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“To obtain a copy of the phantom(s) listed below, you need to contact the developers directly.”

Developer Model Images Race Age and sex Subject Comment Reference
Flinders University,Australia ADELAIDE CT Caucasian 14-year-old female Patient Torso (1)
Federal University of Pernambuco,Brazil MAX CT Caucasian Adult Male Patient VoxelMan with arms and legs added (2)
Federal University of Pernambuco,Brazil FAX CT Caucasian Adult Female Patient VoxelMan with arms and legs added (3)
Federal University of Pernambuco,Brazil MAX06 FAX06 CT Caucasian Adult male and female Patient | (4)
GSF,Germany Baby CT Caucasian 8-week-old female Cadaver | (5)
GSF,Germany Child CT Caucasian 7-year-old female Leukemia patient Small for age(5 to 7-year-old) (5)
GSF,Germany Donna CT Caucasian 40-year-old female Patient | (6,7)
GSF,Germany Frank CT Caucasian 48-year-old male Patient Head and torso (6,8)
GSF,Germany Golem/ICRP CT Caucasian 38-year-old male Leukemia patient Adjusted to ICRP 2005 (9,10)
GSF,Germany Helga CT Caucasian 26-year-old female Patient Legs absent below mid-thigh (7,8)
GSF,Germany Irene CT Caucasian 32-year-old female Patient | (7,8)
GSF,Germany Laural/ICRP CT Caucasian | | | (7,8)
GSF,Germany Visible man CT Caucasian 39-year-old male Cadaver(VHP) No arms (8)
NIICT,Japan Nagaoka man MRI Japanese 22-year-old male Volunteer | (11)
NIICT,Japan Nagaoka woman MRI Japanese 22-year-old female Volunteer | (11)
NIICT,Japan Nagaoka pregnant_woman MRI Japanese 26-week-pregnant woman Volunteer | (29)
JAERI,Japan Otoko CT Japanese Adult male Healthy Volunteer | |
JAERI,Japan Onago CT Japanese Adult female Healthy Volunteer | (12)
JAERI,Japan JM CT Japanese 55-year-old,male Healthy Volunteer | (13)
JAERI,Japan JF CT Japanese Adult female Healthy Volunteer | (14)
Johns Hopkins,USA NCAT CT Caucasian 39-year-old male Cadaver(VHP) No arms,motion-simulating (15)
Hanyang University, Korea KORMAN MRI Korean 28-year-old male | | (16)
Lund University,Sweden VOXTISS8 CT Caucasian Adult male Patient MANTISSUE3-6 with arms mathematically straightened out along the model's side (17)
NRPB,UK NORMAN MRI Caucasian Adult male | Only 10 ribs (18)
NRPB,UK NAOMI MRI Caucasian Adult female Healthy Volunteer | (19)
ENEA-ION Istitutodi Radioprotezione,Italy NORMAN-05 MRI Caucasian Adult male | Adjusted to ICRP 2005 (20)
RPI,USA Pregnant woman CT | 30 weeks pregnant | Part torso (21)
RPI,USA VIP-Man Color photos Caucasian 39-year-old male Cadaver(VHP) One testicle only (22)
RPI,USA VIP-Man 4D Color photos Caucasian 39-year-old male Cadaver(VHP) Only chest;Motion-simulating (23)(34)
RPI,USA RPI-P series, 3-, 6- and 9-month Mixture | 3-, 6-, and 9 month pregnant    | Mesh/NURBS, whole body (31)
UF,USA UF 2 month CT Caucasian 6-month-old male Cadaver | (24)
UF,USA UF Newborn CT Caucasian 6-day-old female Cadaver | (24)
UF,USA UF 9 Month CT | 9-month-old male Patient Head and torso (25)
UF,USA UF 4-y CT | 4-year female Patient | (25)
UF,USA UF 8-y CT | 8-year female Patient | (25)
UF,USA UF 11-y CT | 11-year female Patient | (25)
UF,USA UF 14-y CT | 14-year female Patient | (25)
University of Victoria,Canada MANTISSUE3-6 CT Caucasian Adult male Patient VoxelMan with arms and legs added from VHP (26)
Yale University,USA VoxelMan CT Caucasian Adult male Patient Head and torso (27)
University Karlsruhe ,Germany MEEP Man 　 　 　 　 　 (30)
China Institute for Radiation Protection,China CNMan Color Photos Chinese Adult male Cadaver | (28)
National Calibration Reference Centre for In Vivo Mornitoring,Canada JAERI chest phantom CT 　 　 　 　 (32)
National Calibration Reference Centre for In Vivo Mornitoring,Canada LLNL (Lawrence Livermore) chest phantom CT 　 　 　 　 (32)
Huazhong University of Science and Technology, P.R.China VCH Color Photos Chinese Adult male Cadaver 　 (35)
University Hospitals of Leuven,Belgium Phantom 1 and Phantom 2 CT/MRI 　 33 and 22 weeks   stillborn male Cadaver 　 (33)

 

　

Reference:

  1. Caon M, Bibbo G, Pattison J. 1999. An EGS4-ready tomographic computational model of a 14-year-old female torso for calculating organ doses from CT examinations. Phys Med Biol 44: 2213-25

  2. Kramer R, Vieira JW, Khoury HJ, Lima FR, Fuelle D. 2003. All about MAX: a male adult voxel phantom for Monte Carlo calculations in radiation protection dosimetry. Phys Med Biol 48: 1239-62

  3. Kramer R, Khoury HJ, Vieira JW, Loureiro ECM, Lima VJM, et al. 2004. All about FAX: a Female Adult voXel phantom for Monte Carlo calculation in radiation protection dosimetry. Phys Med Biol 49: 5203-16

  4.  Kramer R, Khoury HJ, Vieira JW, Lima VJM. 2006. MAX06 and FAX06: update of two adult human phantoms for radiation protection dosimetry. Phys Med Biol 51: 3331-46

  5. Zankl M, Veit R, Williams G, Schneider K, Fendel H, et al. 1988. The construction of computer tomographic phantoms and their application in radiology and radiation protection. Radiat Environ Biophys 27: 153-64

  6. Petoussi-Henss N, Zankl M, Fill U, Regulla D. 2002. The GSF family of voxel phantoms. Phys Med Biol 47: 89-106

  7. Fill UA, Zankl M, Petoussi-Henss N, Siebert M, Regulla D. 2004. Adult female voxel models of different stature and photon conversion coefficients for radiation protection. Health Phys 86: 253-72

  8. Zankl M, Fill U, Petoussi-Henss N, Regulla D. 2002. Organ dose conversion coefficients for external photon irradiation of male and female voxel models. Phys Med Biol 47: 2367-85

  9. Petoussi-Henss N, Zankl M. 1998. Voxel anthropomorphic models as a tool for internal dosimetry. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 79: 415-8

  10. Zankl M, Wittmann A. 2001. The adult male voxel model "Golem" segmented from whole-body CT patient data. Radiat Environ Biophys 40: 153-62

  11. Nagaoka T, Watanabe S, Sakurai K, Kunieda E, Taki M, Yamanaka Y. 2004. Development of realistic high-resolution whole-body voxel models of Japanese adult males and females of average height and weight, and application of models to radio-frequency electromagnetic-field dosimetry. Phys Med Biol 49: 1-15

  12. Saito K, Wittmann A, Koga S, Ida Y, Kamei T, et al. 2001. Construction of a computed tomographic phantom for a Japanese male adult and dose calculation system. Radiat Environ Biophys 40: 69-75

  13. Sato K, Noguchi H, Emoto Koga Y, Saito K. 2006. Japanese adult male voxel phantom constructed on the basis of CT-images. Radiat Protect Dosim: submitted

  14. Sato K, Noguchi H, Emoto Koga Y, Saito K. 2006. Construction of a Japanese adult female voxel phantom for internal dosimetry. Radiat Environ Biophys: submitted

  15. Segars WP. 2001. Development and application of the new dynamic NURBS-based cardiac-torso (NCAT) phantom. PhD Thesis. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

  16. Lee C, Lee J. 2004. Korean adult male voxel model KORMAN segmented from magnetic resonance images. Med Phys 31: 1017-22

  17. Sjogreen K, Ljungberg M, Wingardh K, Erlandsson K, Strand SE. 2001. Registration of emission and transmission whole-body scintillation-camera images. J Nucl Med 42: 1563-70

  18. Dimbylow PJ. 1997. FDTD calculations of the whole-body averaged SAR in an anatomically realistic voxel model of the human body from 1 MHz to 1 GHz. Phys Med Biol 42: 479-90

  19. Dimbylow PJ. 2005. Development of the female voxel phantom, NAOMI, and its application to calculations of induced current densities and electric fields from applied low frequency magnetic and electric fields. Phys Med Biol 50: 1047-70

  20. Ferrari P, Gualdrini G. 2005. An improved MCNP version of the NORMAN voxel phantom for dosimetry studies. Phys Med Biol 50: 4299-316

  21. Shi CY, Xu XG. 2004. Development of a 30-week-pregnant female tomographic model from computed tomography (CT) images for Monte Carlo organ dose calculations. Med Phys 31: 2491-7

  22. Xu XG, Chao TC, Bozkurt A. 2000. VIP-Man: an image-based whole-body adult male model constructed from color photographs of the Visible Human Project for multi-particle Monte Carlo calculations. Health Phys 78: 476-86

  23. Xu XG, Shi C. 2005. Preliminary development of a 4D anatomical model for Monte Carlo simulations. Presented at Monte Carlo 2005 Topical Meeting. The Monte Carlo Method:Versatility Unbounded In a Dynamic Computing World, Chattanooga, TN, April 17-21 2005

  24.  Nipper JC, Williams JL, Bolch WE. 2002. Creation of two tomographic voxel models of paediatric patients in the first year of life. Phys Med Biol 47: 3143-64

  25. Lee C, Williams JL, Lee C, Bolch W. 2005. The UF series of tomographic computational phantoms of pediatric patients. Med Phys 32: 3537–48

  26. Dawson TW, Caputa K, Stuchly MA. 1997. A comparison of 60 Hz uniform magnetic and electric induction in the human body. Phys Med Biol 42: 2319-29

  27. Zubal IG, Harrell CR, Smith EO, Rattner Z, Gindi G, Hoffer BP. 1994. Computerized 3-dimensional segmented human anatomy. Med Phys 21: 299-302

  28. Zhang BQ, Ma JZ, Liu LY, Cheng JP. CNMAN: A Chinese Adult Male Voxel Phantom Constructed From Color Photographs of a Visible Anatomical Data Set. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 2007 124(2):130-136; doi: 10.1093 / rpd /ncm184. 

  29. Tomoaki Nagaoka, Toshihiro Togashi, Kazuyuki Saito,Masaharu Takahashi, Koichi Ito and Soichi Watanabe.An anatomically realistic whole-body pregnant-woman model and specific absorption rates for pregnant-woman exposure to electromagnetic plane waves from 10 MHz to 2 GHz. PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY.Published 30 October 2007.  

  30. Sachse, F. B., Werner, C., Müller, M., Meyer-Waarden, K.: MEET Man - Models for Simulation of Electromagnetic, Elastomechanic and Thermic Behavior of Man, Erstellung und technische Parameter, Institut für Biomedizinische Technik, Universitüt Karlsruhe, 1997. 

  31. Xu X G, Taranenko V, Zhang J, Shi C. A boundary-representation method for designing whole-body radiation dosimetry models: pregnant females representing three gestational periods——RPI-P3, -P6 and –P9. Phys. Med. Biol. 52: 7023–7044 (2007).

  32. Contact Dr. Gary H Kramer by email at: Gary_H_Kramer@hc-sc.gc.ca

  33. Smansa K.,Tapiovaara M.,Cannie M.et al. Calculation of organ doses in x-ray examinations of premature babies. Med. Phys. 35(2),556-568(2008)

  34. Zhang JY, Xu X.G, Shi C.Y, Fuss M. Development of A Geometry-Based Respiratory-Motion-Simulating Patient Model for Radiation Dosimetry. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics. 9(1):16-28, 2008.

  35. Zhang, Guozhi; Luo, Qingming; Zeng, Shaoqun; Liu, Qian.THE DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF THE VISIBLE CHINESE HUMAN MODEL FOR MONTE CARLO DOSE CALCULATIONS.Health Physics. 94(2):118-125, February 2008.

　

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